refactor: unify exception handling, add ISO 8601 time, dedup commands, expand tests

- Replace _error_code_for_message() string matching with error_code attribute on exception classes
- Add error_code to all TwitterError subclasses (AuthenticationError, RateLimitError, etc.)
- Add InvalidInputError exception class
- TwitterAPIError derives error_code from HTTP status code automatically
- auth.py: use AuthenticationError instead of RuntimeError
- cli.py: catch (TwitterError, RuntimeError) for backward compat
- Extract _fetch_and_display_users() to deduplicate followers/following commands
- Add format_iso8601() to timeutil.py
- Add createdAtISO field to tweet and user profile serialization
- New test files: test_output.py, test_cache.py, test_timeutil.py
- Expand test_filter.py (topN, score mode, custom weights, empty input)
- Tests: 152 → 194 unit tests, all passing

tests/test_cache.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+"""Tests for twitter_cli.cache module."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import time
+
+
+from twitter_cli.cache import resolve_cached_tweet, save_tweet_cache
+from twitter_cli.models import Author, Metrics, Tweet
+
+
+def _make_tweet(tweet_id: str, text: str = "hello") -> Tweet:
+    return Tweet(
+        id=tweet_id,
+        text=text,
+        author=Author(id="u1", name="Alice", screen_name="alice"),
+        metrics=Metrics(likes=1),
+        created_at="2025-01-01",
+    )
+
+
+class TestSaveAndResolve:
+    """save_tweet_cache → resolve_cached_tweet round-trip."""
+
+    def test_round_trip(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:
+        cache_file = tmp_path / "last_results.json"
+        monkeypatch.setattr("twitter_cli.cache._CACHE_FILE", cache_file)
+        monkeypatch.setattr("twitter_cli.cache._CACHE_DIR", tmp_path)
+
+        tweets = [_make_tweet("100"), _make_tweet("200"), _make_tweet("300")]
+        save_tweet_cache(tweets)
+
+        assert cache_file.exists()
+        tweet_id, size = resolve_cached_tweet(1)
+        assert tweet_id == "100"
+        assert size == 3
+
+        tweet_id, size = resolve_cached_tweet(3)
+        assert tweet_id == "300"
+        assert size == 3
+
+    def test_out_of_range_returns_none(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:
+        cache_file = tmp_path / "last_results.json"
+        monkeypatch.setattr("twitter_cli.cache._CACHE_FILE", cache_file)
+        monkeypatch.setattr("twitter_cli.cache._CACHE_DIR", tmp_path)
+
+        save_tweet_cache([_make_tweet("100")])
+
+        tweet_id, size = resolve_cached_tweet(99)
+        assert tweet_id is None
+        assert size == 1
+
+
+class TestCacheExpiry:
+    """TTL expiration behavior."""
+
+    def test_expired_cache_returns_none(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:
+        cache_file = tmp_path / "last_results.json"
+        monkeypatch.setattr("twitter_cli.cache._CACHE_FILE", cache_file)
+
+        # Write cache with old timestamp
+        payload = {
+            "created_at": time.time() - 7200,  # 2 hours ago
+            "tweets": [{"index": 1, "id": "100", "author": "alice", "text": "hi"}],
+        }
+        cache_file.write_text(json.dumps(payload), encoding="utf-8")
+
+        tweet_id, size = resolve_cached_tweet(1)
+        assert tweet_id is None
+        assert size == 0
+
+
+class TestCacheEdgeCases:
+    """Corrupted and missing cache files."""
+
+    def test_missing_file(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:
+        cache_file = tmp_path / "does_not_exist.json"
+        monkeypatch.setattr("twitter_cli.cache._CACHE_FILE", cache_file)
+
+        tweet_id, size = resolve_cached_tweet(1)
+        assert tweet_id is None
+        assert size == 0
+
+    def test_corrupted_json(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:
+        cache_file = tmp_path / "last_results.json"
+        cache_file.write_text("{{invalid json", encoding="utf-8")
+        monkeypatch.setattr("twitter_cli.cache._CACHE_FILE", cache_file)
+
+        tweet_id, size = resolve_cached_tweet(1)
+        assert tweet_id is None
+        assert size == 0
+
+    def test_wrong_structure(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:
+        cache_file = tmp_path / "last_results.json"
+        cache_file.write_text('"just a string"', encoding="utf-8")
+        monkeypatch.setattr("twitter_cli.cache._CACHE_FILE", cache_file)
+
+        tweet_id, size = resolve_cached_tweet(1)
+        assert tweet_id is None
+        assert size == 0

tests/test_cli.py

@@ -104,10 +104,11 @@ def test_cli_commands_wrap_client_creation_errors(monkeypatch, args) -> None:
 
 
 def test_cli_user_error_yaml(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    from twitter_cli.exceptions import NotFoundError
     monkeypatch.setenv("OUTPUT", "auto")
     monkeypatch.setattr(
         "twitter_cli.cli._get_client",
-        lambda config=None, quiet=False: (_ for _ in ()).throw(RuntimeError("User not found")),
+        lambda config=None, quiet=False: (_ for _ in ()).throw(NotFoundError("User not found")),
     )
     runner = CliRunner()
 

tests/test_filter.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+"""Tests for twitter_cli.filter module."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from twitter_cli.filter import filter_tweets
+from twitter_cli.filter import filter_tweets, score_tweet
 
 
 def test_filter_tweets_does_not_mutate_input(tweet_factory) -> None:
@@ -29,3 +31,58 @@ def test_filter_tweets_applies_language_and_retweet_filters(tweet_factory) -> No
     )
 
     assert [tweet.id for tweet in output] == ["1"]
+
+
+def test_filter_topn_mode(tweet_factory) -> None:
+    tweets = [tweet_factory(str(i)) for i in range(10)]
+    output = filter_tweets(tweets, {"mode": "topN", "topN": 3})
+    assert len(output) == 3
+
+
+def test_filter_topn_default(tweet_factory) -> None:
+    """Default topN is 20, so 5 tweets should all be returned."""
+    tweets = [tweet_factory(str(i)) for i in range(5)]
+    output = filter_tweets(tweets, {"mode": "topN"})
+    assert len(output) == 5
+
+
+def test_filter_score_mode(tweet_factory) -> None:
+    from twitter_cli.models import Metrics
+
+    tweets = [
+        tweet_factory("high", metrics=Metrics(likes=1000, retweets=500, replies=200, views=100000, bookmarks=50)),
+        tweet_factory("low", metrics=Metrics(likes=0, retweets=0, replies=0, views=1, bookmarks=0)),
+    ]
+    output = filter_tweets(tweets, {"mode": "score", "minScore": 100.0})
+    assert len(output) == 1
+    assert output[0].id == "high"
+
+
+def test_filter_empty_input() -> None:
+    output = filter_tweets([], {"mode": "all"})
+    assert output == []
+
+
+def test_score_tweet_basic(tweet_factory) -> None:
+    tweet = tweet_factory("1")
+    score = score_tweet(tweet)
+    assert isinstance(score, float)
+    assert score > 0
+
+
+def test_score_tweet_custom_weights(tweet_factory) -> None:
+    tweet = tweet_factory("1")
+    weights = {"likes": 0, "retweets": 0, "replies": 0, "bookmarks": 0, "views_log": 0}
+    assert score_tweet(tweet, weights) == 0.0
+
+
+def test_filter_all_mode_sorts_by_score(tweet_factory) -> None:
+    from twitter_cli.models import Metrics
+
+    tweets = [
+        tweet_factory("low", metrics=Metrics(likes=1)),
+        tweet_factory("high", metrics=Metrics(likes=100)),
+    ]
+    output = filter_tweets(tweets, {"mode": "all"})
+    assert output[0].id == "high"
+    assert output[1].id == "low"

tests/test_output.py

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+"""Tests for twitter_cli.output module."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+
+import click
+import pytest
+import yaml
+
+from twitter_cli.output import (
+    default_structured_format,
+    emit_structured,
+    ensure_utf8_streams,
+    error_payload,
+    success_payload,
+    use_rich_output,
+)
+
+
+# ── ensure_utf8_streams ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_ensure_utf8_streams_no_error() -> None:
+    """ensure_utf8_streams should not raise on any platform."""
+    ensure_utf8_streams()
+
+
+# ── success_payload / error_payload ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_success_payload_structure() -> None:
+    payload = success_payload({"key": "value"})
+    assert payload["ok"] is True
+    assert payload["schema_version"] == "1"
+    assert payload["data"] == {"key": "value"}
+
+
+def test_success_payload_with_list() -> None:
+    payload = success_payload([1, 2, 3])
+    assert payload["ok"] is True
+    assert payload["data"] == [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+def test_error_payload_structure() -> None:
+    payload = error_payload("not_found", "User not found")
+    assert payload["ok"] is False
+    assert payload["schema_version"] == "1"
+    assert payload["error"]["code"] == "not_found"
+    assert payload["error"]["message"] == "User not found"
+    assert "details" not in payload["error"]
+
+
+def test_error_payload_with_details() -> None:
+    payload = error_payload("api_error", "oops", details={"id": "123"})
+    assert payload["error"]["details"] == {"id": "123"}
+
+
+# ── default_structured_format ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_format_json_flag() -> None:
+    assert default_structured_format(as_json=True, as_yaml=False) == "json"
+
+
+def test_format_yaml_flag() -> None:
+    assert default_structured_format(as_json=False, as_yaml=True) == "yaml"
+
+
+def test_format_both_flags_raises() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError):
+        default_structured_format(as_json=True, as_yaml=True)
+
+
+def test_format_env_yaml(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setenv("OUTPUT", "yaml")
+    assert default_structured_format(as_json=False, as_yaml=False) == "yaml"
+
+
+def test_format_env_json(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setenv("OUTPUT", "json")
+    assert default_structured_format(as_json=False, as_yaml=False) == "json"
+
+
+def test_format_env_rich(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setenv("OUTPUT", "rich")
+    assert default_structured_format(as_json=False, as_yaml=False) is None
+
+
+def test_format_auto_non_tty(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setenv("OUTPUT", "auto")
+    monkeypatch.setattr("sys.stdout", type("FakeStdout", (), {"isatty": lambda self: False})())
+    assert default_structured_format(as_json=False, as_yaml=False) == "yaml"
+
+
+# ── use_rich_output ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_use_rich_when_no_structured(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setenv("OUTPUT", "rich")
+    assert use_rich_output(as_json=False, as_yaml=False) is True
+
+
+def test_no_rich_when_json() -> None:
+    assert use_rich_output(as_json=True, as_yaml=False) is False
+
+
+def test_no_rich_when_compact(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setenv("OUTPUT", "rich")
+    assert use_rich_output(as_json=False, as_yaml=False, compact=True) is False
+
+
+# ── emit_structured ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_emit_structured_json(capsys) -> None:
+    result = emit_structured({"key": "val"}, as_json=True, as_yaml=False)
+    assert result is True
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+    parsed = json.loads(captured.out)
+    assert parsed["ok"] is True
+    assert parsed["data"]["key"] == "val"
+
+
+def test_emit_structured_yaml(capsys) -> None:
+    result = emit_structured({"key": "val"}, as_json=False, as_yaml=True)
+    assert result is True
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+    parsed = yaml.safe_load(captured.out)
+    assert parsed["ok"] is True
+    assert parsed["data"]["key"] == "val"
+
+
+def test_emit_structured_returns_false_when_rich(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setenv("OUTPUT", "rich")
+    result = emit_structured({"key": "val"}, as_json=False, as_yaml=False)
+    assert result is False
+
+
+def test_emit_structured_wraps_already_wrapped_payload(capsys) -> None:
+    """If data is already in the agent schema, it should not be double-wrapped."""
+    already_wrapped = {"ok": True, "schema_version": "1", "data": "hello"}
+    emit_structured(already_wrapped, as_json=True, as_yaml=False)
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+    parsed = json.loads(captured.out)
+    assert parsed["data"] == "hello"
+    assert "data" not in str(parsed.get("data", {}) if isinstance(parsed.get("data"), dict) else "")

tests/test_timeutil.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+"""Tests for twitter_cli.timeutil module."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from twitter_cli.timeutil import format_iso8601, format_local_time, format_relative_time
+
+
+SAMPLE_TIMESTAMP = "Sat Mar 08 12:00:00 +0000 2026"
+
+
+# ── format_local_time ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_format_local_time_valid() -> None:
+    result = format_local_time(SAMPLE_TIMESTAMP)
+    # Should be in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM format (local timezone)
+    assert result.startswith("2026-03-")
+    assert ":" in result
+
+
+def test_format_local_time_empty() -> None:
+    assert format_local_time("") == ""
+
+
+def test_format_local_time_invalid() -> None:
+    assert format_local_time("not a date") == "not a date"
+
+
+# ── format_relative_time ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_format_relative_time_old() -> None:
+    # A timestamp from 2020 should show years ago
+    old_ts = "Sat Jan 01 00:00:00 +0000 2020"
+    result = format_relative_time(old_ts)
+    assert result.endswith("ago")
+    assert "y" in result or "mo" in result or "d" in result
+
+
+def test_format_relative_time_empty() -> None:
+    assert format_relative_time("") == ""
+
+
+def test_format_relative_time_invalid() -> None:
+    assert format_relative_time("garbage") == "garbage"
+
+
+# ── format_iso8601 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_format_iso8601_valid() -> None:
+    result = format_iso8601(SAMPLE_TIMESTAMP)
+    assert result.startswith("2026-03-08T12:00:00")
+    assert "+00:00" in result or "Z" in result
+
+
+def test_format_iso8601_empty() -> None:
+    assert format_iso8601("") == ""
+
+
+def test_format_iso8601_invalid() -> None:
+    assert format_iso8601("not a date") == "not a date"
+
+
+def test_format_iso8601_roundtrip() -> None:
+    """ISO 8601 output should be parseable by datetime.fromisoformat."""
+    from datetime import datetime
+
+    result = format_iso8601(SAMPLE_TIMESTAMP)
+    dt = datetime.fromisoformat(result)
+    assert dt.year == 2026
+    assert dt.month == 3
+    assert dt.day == 8

twitter_cli/auth.py

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import sys
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 from .constants import BEARER_TOKEN, get_user_agent
+from .exceptions import AuthenticationError
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ def verify_cookies(auth_token: str, ct0: str, cookie_string: Optional[str] = Non
         try:
             resp = session.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=5)
             if resp.status_code in (401, 403):
-                raise RuntimeError(
+                raise AuthenticationError(
                     "Cookie expired or invalid (HTTP %d). Please re-login to x.com in your browser." % resp.status_code
                 )
             if resp.status_code == 200:
@@ -616,7 +617,7 @@ def get_cookies() -> Dict[str, str]:
         lines.append("Option 2: Make sure you are logged into x.com in your browser (Arc/Chrome/Edge/Firefox/Brave)")
         lines.append("")
         lines.append("Run 'twitter -v <command>' for debug diagnostics.")
-        raise RuntimeError("\n".join(lines))
+        raise AuthenticationError("\n".join(lines))
 
     # Verify only for explicit auth failures; transient endpoint issues are tolerated.
     try:

twitter_cli/cli.py

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ from rich.console import Console
 from . import __version__
 from .auth import get_cookies
 from .cache import resolve_cached_tweet, save_tweet_cache
+from .exceptions import TwitterError
 from .client import TwitterClient
 from .config import load_config
 from .filter import filter_tweets
@@ -156,9 +157,13 @@ def _get_client(config=None, quiet=False):
 
 
 
-def _exit_with_error(exc):
-    # type: (RuntimeError) -> None
-    if emit_error(_error_code_for_message(str(exc)), str(exc)):
+def _error_code_from_exc(exc: Exception) -> str:
+    """Extract structured error code from an exception."""
+    return getattr(exc, "error_code", "api_error")
+
+
+def _exit_with_error(exc: Exception) -> None:
+    if emit_error(_error_code_from_exc(exc), str(exc)):
         sys.exit(1)
     console.print("[red]❌ %s[/red]" % exc)
     sys.exit(1)
@@ -168,24 +173,10 @@ def _run_guarded(action):
     # type: (Callable[[], Any]) -> Any
     try:
         return action()
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
         _exit_with_error(exc)
 
 
-def _error_code_for_message(message):
-    # type: (str) -> str
-    lowered = message.lower()
-    if "cookie expired" in lowered or "no twitter cookies found" in lowered or "invalid cookie" in lowered:
-        return "not_authenticated"
-    if "rate limited" in lowered or "http 429" in lowered:
-        return "rate_limited"
-    if "invalid tweet" in lowered or "required" in lowered or "--max must" in lowered:
-        return "invalid_input"
-    if "not found" in lowered:
-        return "not_found"
-    return "api_error"
-
-
 def _resolve_fetch_count(max_count, configured):
     # type: (Optional[int], int) -> int
     """Resolve fetch count with bounds checks."""
@@ -258,13 +249,13 @@ def _print_lines(lines: List[str], mode: StructuredMode) -> None:
 
 
 def _handle_structured_runtime_error(
-    exc: RuntimeError,
+    exc: Exception,
     *,
     mode: StructuredMode,
     details: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
 ) -> None:
     if _emit_mode_payload(
-        error_payload(_error_code_for_message(str(exc)), str(exc), details=details),
+        error_payload(_error_code_from_exc(exc), str(exc), details=details),
         mode,
     ):
         raise SystemExit(1) from None
@@ -285,7 +276,7 @@ def _run_write_command(
         client = _get_client(load_config())
         _print_lines(progress_lines or [], mode)
         payload = operation(client)
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
         _handle_structured_runtime_error(exc, mode=mode, details=error_details)
         return None
 
@@ -325,7 +316,7 @@ def _fetch_and_display(fetch_fn, label, emoji, max_count, as_json, as_yaml, outp
         elapsed = time.time() - start
         if rich_output:
             console.print("✅ Fetched %d %s in %.1fs\n" % (len(tweets), label, elapsed))
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
         _exit_with_error(exc)
 
     filtered = _apply_filter(tweets, do_filter, config, rich_output=rich_output)
@@ -420,7 +411,7 @@ def feed(ctx, feed_type, max_count, as_json, as_yaml, input_file, output_file, d
             elapsed = time.time() - start
             if rich_output:
                 console.print("✅ Fetched %d tweets in %.1fs\n" % (len(tweets), elapsed))
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
         _exit_with_error(exc)
 
     filtered = _apply_filter(tweets, do_filter, config, rich_output=rich_output)
@@ -502,7 +493,7 @@ def user(screen_name, as_json, as_yaml):
         if rich_output:
             console.print("👤 Fetching user @%s..." % screen_name)
         profile = client.fetch_user(screen_name)
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
         _exit_with_error(exc)
 
     if not emit_structured(user_profile_to_dict(profile), as_json=as_json, as_yaml=as_yaml):
@@ -693,7 +684,7 @@ def tweet(ctx, tweet_id, max_count, full_text, as_json, as_yaml):
         elapsed = time.time() - start
         if rich_output:
             console.print("✅ Fetched %d tweets in %.1fs\n" % (len(tweets), elapsed))
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
         _exit_with_error(exc)
 
     _emit_tweet_detail(tweets, compact=compact, as_json=as_json, as_yaml=as_yaml, full_text=full_text)
@@ -757,7 +748,7 @@ def show(ctx, index, max_count, full_text, output_file, as_json, as_yaml):
         elapsed = time.time() - start
         if rich_output:
             console.print("✅ Fetched %d tweets in %.1fs\n" % (len(tweets), elapsed))
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
         _exit_with_error(exc)
 
     if output_file:
@@ -795,7 +786,7 @@ def article(ctx, tweet_id, as_json, as_yaml, as_markdown, output_file):
         elapsed = time.time() - start
         if rich_output:
             console.print("✅ Fetched article in %.1fs\n" % elapsed)
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
         _exit_with_error(exc)
 
     markdown = article_to_markdown(article_tweet)
@@ -836,13 +827,15 @@ def list_timeline(ctx, list_id, max_count, as_json, as_yaml, do_filter, full_tex
     _run_guarded(_run)
 
 
-@cli.command()
-@click.argument("screen_name")
-@click.option("--max", "-n", "max_count", type=int, default=None, help="Max users to fetch.")
-@structured_output_options
-def followers(screen_name, max_count, as_json, as_yaml):
-    # type: (str, int, bool, bool) -> None
-    """List followers of a user. SCREEN_NAME is the @handle (without @)."""
+def _fetch_and_display_users(
+    screen_name: str,
+    fetch_fn_name: str,
+    label: str,
+    max_count: Optional[int],
+    as_json: bool,
+    as_yaml: bool,
+) -> None:
+    """Shared fetch-and-display logic for followers/following commands."""
     screen_name = screen_name.lstrip("@")
     config = load_config()
     try:
@@ -853,22 +846,32 @@ def followers(screen_name, max_count, as_json, as_yaml):
         profile = client.fetch_user(screen_name)
         fetch_count = _resolve_configured_count(config, max_count)
         if rich_output:
-            console.print("👥 Fetching followers (%d)...\n" % fetch_count)
+            console.print("👥 Fetching %s (%d)...\n" % (label, fetch_count))
         start = time.time()
-        users = client.fetch_followers(profile.id, fetch_count)
+        users = getattr(client, fetch_fn_name)(profile.id, fetch_count)
         elapsed = time.time() - start
         if rich_output:
-            console.print("✅ Fetched %d followers in %.1fs\n" % (len(users), elapsed))
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
+            console.print("✅ Fetched %d %s in %.1fs\n" % (len(users), label, elapsed))
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
         _exit_with_error(exc)
 
     if emit_structured(users_to_data(users), as_json=as_json, as_yaml=as_yaml):
         return
 
-    print_user_table(users, console, title="👥 @%s followers — %d" % (screen_name, len(users)))
+    print_user_table(users, console, title="👥 @%s %s — %d" % (screen_name, label, len(users)))
     console.print()
 
 
+@cli.command()
+@click.argument("screen_name")
+@click.option("--max", "-n", "max_count", type=int, default=None, help="Max users to fetch.")
+@structured_output_options
+def followers(screen_name, max_count, as_json, as_yaml):
+    # type: (str, int, bool, bool) -> None
+    """List followers of a user. SCREEN_NAME is the @handle (without @)."""
+    _fetch_and_display_users(screen_name, "fetch_followers", "followers", max_count, as_json, as_yaml)
+
+
 @cli.command()
 @click.argument("screen_name")
 @click.option("--max", "-n", "max_count", type=int, default=None, help="Max users to fetch.")
@@ -876,30 +879,7 @@ def followers(screen_name, max_count, as_json, as_yaml):
 def following(screen_name, max_count, as_json, as_yaml):
     # type: (str, int, bool, bool) -> None
     """List accounts a user is following. SCREEN_NAME is the @handle (without @)."""
-    screen_name = screen_name.lstrip("@")
-    config = load_config()
-    try:
-        rich_output = use_rich_output(as_json=as_json, as_yaml=as_yaml)
-        client = _get_client(config, quiet=not rich_output)
-        if rich_output:
-            console.print("👤 Fetching @%s's profile..." % screen_name)
-        profile = client.fetch_user(screen_name)
-        fetch_count = _resolve_configured_count(config, max_count)
-        if rich_output:
-            console.print("👥 Fetching following (%d)...\n" % fetch_count)
-        start = time.time()
-        users = client.fetch_following(profile.id, fetch_count)
-        elapsed = time.time() - start
-        if rich_output:
-            console.print("✅ Fetched %d following in %.1fs\n" % (len(users), elapsed))
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
-        _exit_with_error(exc)
-
-    if emit_structured(users_to_data(users), as_json=as_json, as_yaml=as_yaml):
-        return
-
-    print_user_table(users, console, title="👥 @%s following — %d" % (screen_name, len(users)))
-    console.print()
+    _fetch_and_display_users(screen_name, "fetch_following", "following", max_count, as_json, as_yaml)
 
 
 # ── Write commands ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -1055,8 +1035,8 @@ def status(as_json, as_yaml):
         rich_output = use_rich_output(as_json=as_json, as_yaml=as_yaml)
         client = _get_client(config, quiet=not rich_output)
         profile = client.fetch_me()
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
-        payload = error_payload("not_authenticated", str(exc))
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
+        payload = error_payload(_error_code_from_exc(exc), str(exc))
         if emit_structured(payload, as_json=as_json, as_yaml=as_yaml):
             sys.exit(1)
         _exit_with_error(exc)
@@ -1082,8 +1062,8 @@ def whoami(as_json, as_yaml):
         if rich_output:
             console.print("👤 Fetching current user...")
         profile = client.fetch_me()
-    except RuntimeError as exc:
-        if emit_structured(error_payload("not_authenticated", str(exc)), as_json=as_json, as_yaml=as_yaml):
+    except (TwitterError, RuntimeError) as exc:
+        if emit_structured(error_payload(_error_code_from_exc(exc), str(exc)), as_json=as_json, as_yaml=as_yaml):
             raise SystemExit(1) from None
         _exit_with_error(exc)
 

twitter_cli/commands/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+"""CLI command sub-modules for twitter-cli.
+
+Commands are split into three groups:
+  - read: feed, bookmarks, search, tweet, article, show, list, favorites
+  - write: post, reply, quote, delete, like/unlike, retweet/unretweet, bookmark/unbookmark
+  - user: user, user-posts, likes, followers, following, whoami, status, follow/unfollow
+"""

twitter_cli/exceptions.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Provides a structured exception hierarchy for categorized error handling:
 - Network errors
 - Query ID resolution failures
 
-Modeled after bilibili-cli/xiaohongshu-cli exception patterns.
+Each exception carries an `error_code` attribute for structured output.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -15,30 +15,50 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 class TwitterError(RuntimeError):
     """Base exception for twitter-cli errors."""
 
+    error_code: str = "api_error"
+
 
 class AuthenticationError(TwitterError):
     """Raised when cookies are missing, expired, or invalid."""
 
+    error_code = "not_authenticated"
+
 
 class RateLimitError(TwitterError):
     """Raised when Twitter rate limits the request (HTTP 429)."""
 
+    error_code = "rate_limited"
+
 
 class NotFoundError(TwitterError):
     """Raised when a user or tweet is not found."""
 
+    error_code = "not_found"
+
 
 class NetworkError(TwitterError):
     """Raised when upstream network requests fail."""
 
+    error_code = "network_error"
+
 
 class QueryIdError(TwitterError):
     """Raised when a GraphQL queryId cannot be resolved."""
 
+    error_code = "query_id_error"
+
 
 class MediaUploadError(TwitterError):
     """Raised when media upload fails (file not found, too large, unsupported format, API error)."""
 
+    error_code = "media_upload_error"
+
+
+class InvalidInputError(TwitterError):
+    """Raised when user input is invalid (bad tweet ID, invalid options, etc.)."""
+
+    error_code = "invalid_input"
+
 
 class TwitterAPIError(TwitterError):
     """Raised on non-OK Twitter API responses with HTTP status + message."""
@@ -46,4 +66,13 @@ class TwitterAPIError(TwitterError):
     def __init__(self, status_code: int, message: str):
         self.status_code = status_code
         self.message = message
+        # Derive error_code from HTTP status
+        if status_code in (401, 403):
+            self.error_code = "not_authenticated"
+        elif status_code == 429:
+            self.error_code = "rate_limited"
+        elif status_code == 404:
+            self.error_code = "not_found"
+        else:
+            self.error_code = "api_error"
         super().__init__("Twitter API error (HTTP %d): %s" % (status_code, message))

twitter_cli/serialization.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import json
 from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional
 
 from .models import Author, Metrics, Tweet, TweetMedia, UserProfile
-from .timeutil import format_local_time
+from .timeutil import format_iso8601, format_local_time
 
 
 def tweet_to_dict(tweet: Tweet) -> Dict[str, Any]:
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ def tweet_to_dict(tweet: Tweet) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         },
         "createdAt": tweet.created_at,
         "createdAtLocal": format_local_time(tweet.created_at),
+        "createdAtISO": format_iso8601(tweet.created_at),
         "media": [
             {
                 "type": media.type,
@@ -190,6 +191,7 @@ def user_profile_to_dict(user: UserProfile) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         "verified": user.verified,
         "profileImageUrl": user.profile_image_url,
         "createdAt": user.created_at,
+        "createdAtISO": format_iso8601(user.created_at),
     }
 
 

twitter_cli/timeutil.py

@@ -69,3 +69,14 @@ def format_relative_time(created_at: str) -> str:
         return "%dmo ago" % months
     years = days // 365
     return "%dy ago" % years
+
+
+def format_iso8601(created_at: str) -> str:
+    """Convert Twitter timestamp to ISO 8601 format.
+
+    Returns e.g. "2026-03-08T12:00:00+00:00" or the original string on failure.
+    """
+    dt = _parse_twitter_time(created_at)
+    if dt is None:
+        return created_at
+    return dt.isoformat()